History of the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Follow the link for a short documentary on the 1979 Iranian Revolution:

1979 Iranian Revolution

The North American Revolution

The North American Revolution, 1775–1787
   1. basic facts of the American Revolution are well known

   2. a bigger question is what it changed

   3. American Revolution was a conservative political movement
        a. aimed to preserve colonial liberties, rather than gain new ones
        b. for most of seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British North American colonies had much     
        local autonomy
        c. colonists regarded autonomy as their birthright
        d. few thought of breaking away from Britain before 1750

  4. colonial society
        a. was far more egalitarian than in Europe
        b. in manners, they were republican well before the revolution

  5. Britain made a new drive to control the colonies and get more revenue from them in the 1760s

        a. Britain needed money for its global war with France
        b. imposed a number of new taxes and tariffs on the colonies
        c. colonists were not represented in the British parliament
        d. appeared to deny the colonists’ identity as true Englishmen
        e. challenged colonial economic interests
        f. attacked established traditions of local autonomy
    
   6. British North America was revolutionary for the society that had already emerged, not for the          
    revolution itself
        a. no significant social transformation came with independence from Britain
        b. accelerated democratic tendencies that were already established
        c. political power remained in the hands of existing elites
            i. property requirements for voting were lowered
            ii. property rights remained intact

   7. Many Americans thought they were creating a new world order
        a. some acclaimed the United States as “the hope and model of the human race”
        b. declaration of the “right to revolution” inspired other colonies around the world
        c. the U.S. Constitution was one of the first lasting efforts to put Enlightenment political ideas into
        practice

The Enlightenment and Atlantic Revolutions

I. Introduction

    A. In 1989, celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution coincided with the Chinese
    government’s crackdown on demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.

      1. The French Revolution was the centerpiece of a revolutionary process all around the Atlantic world   
      between 1775 and 1875

      2. Atlantic revolutions had an impact far beyond the Atlantic world
          a. French invasions of Egypt, Poland, and Russia
          b. inspired efforts to abolish slavery, give women greater rights, and extend the franchise in many  
          countries
          c. nationalism was shaped by revolutions
          d. principles of equality eventually gave birth to socialism and communism

II. Comparing Atlantic Revolutions
  
   A. The revolutions of North America, Europe, Haiti, and Latin America influenced each
    other.
       1. they also shared a set of common ideas
       2. grew out of the European Enlightenment
          a. notion that it is possible to engineer, and improve, political and social life
          b. traditional ways of thinking were no longer sacrosanct
      3. the core political idea was “popular sovereignty”—that the authority to govern
      comes from the people, not from God or tradition
         a. John Locke (1632–1704) argued that the “social contract” between ruler and ruled should last only  
         as long as it served the people well
      4. except in Haiti, the main beneficiaries of revolution were middle-class white males
          a. but in the long term, the revolution gave ammunition to groups without political rights
          b. goal was to extend political rights further than ever before, so can be called “democratic revolutions”
      5. considerable differences between the Atlantic revolutions

What is truly frightening?

Please write a paragraph about things that truly frighten you. Explain why they are frightening. 

Protestant Reformation--A Revolution?

Was the Protestant Reformation a revolution?
What causes revolution?
On what principle is a reorganization of society justified?
   
Some key terms to know:

• Protestant
• Catholic
• Council of Trent
• Henry IV
• Martin Luther
• Edict of Nantes
• Thirty Years War
• Peace of Westphalia
• Jesuits
• Huegenots
• Peasants Revolt
• Jesuits
• Sola Scriptura
• Sola Fide
• Sola Gratiae
• Papal Hierarchy

 Skills:
WR: Sentences
CT: Logic of Definitions
AH: Questions/Notes
C: Questions

Outline of Strayer:
Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation
   1. Protestant Reformation began in 1517
       a. Martin Luther posted the Ninety-five Theses, asking for debate about ecclesiastical abuses
       b. Luther’s was one of many criticisms of the Roman Church
       c. Luther’s protest was more deeply grounded in theological difference
               i. argued a new understanding of salvation—through faith alone rather than through good works
               ii. the Bible, not Church teaching, is the ultimate authority
               iii. gave large role to individual conscience
       d. questioned the special role of the clerical hierarchy (including the pope)
   2. Luther’s ideas provoked a massive schism in Catholic Christendom
       a. fed on political, economic, and social tension, not just religious differences
       b. some monarchs used Luther to justify independence from the papacy
       c. gave a new religious legitimacy to the middle class
       d. commoners were attracted to the new religious ideas as a tool for protest against the whole social  
       order
               i. German peasant revolts in the 1520s
   3. many women were attracted to Protestantism, but the Reformation didn’t give them a greater role in 
   church or society
        a. Protestants ended veneration of Mary and other female saints
              i. male Christ figure was left as sole object of worship
        b. Protestants closed convents, which had given some women an alternative to
        marriage
        c. only Quakers among the Protestants gave women an official role in their churches
        d. some increase in the education of women, because of emphasis on Bible reading
              i. but there was little use for education beyond the family
    4. the recently invented printing press helped Reformation thought spread rapidly
        a. Luther issued many pamphlets and aGerman translation of the New Testament
    5. as the Reformation spread, it splintered into an array of competing Protestant
        churches
    6. religious difference made Europe’s fractured political system even more volatile
         a. 1562–1598: French Wars of Religion (Catholics vs. Huguenots)
              i. August 24, 1572: massacre of thousands of Huguenots
              ii. Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV in 1598: granted considerable religious toleration to       
              Protestants
          b. 1618–1648: the Thirty Years’ War
              i. Catholic-Protestant fight started in the Holy Roman Empire
              ii. spread to most of Europe
              iii. killed off 15–30 percent of the German population
              iv. Peace of Westphalia (1648): each state is sovereign and can decide its own religious affairs
   7. Protestant Reformation provoked a Catholic Counter-Reformation
          a. Council of Trent (1545–1563) clarified Catholic doctrines and practices
          b. corrected the abuses and corruption that the Protestants had protested
          c. new emphasis on education and supervision of priests
          d. crackdown on dissidents
          e. new attention given to individual spirituality and piety
          f. new religious orders (e.g., the Society of Jesus [ Jesuits]) were committed to renewal and expansion
    8. the Reformation encouraged skepticism toward authority and tradition
          a. fostered religious individualism
          b. in the following centuries, the Protestant habit of independent thinking led to skepticism about all
          revealed religion